Spring Native項(xiàng)目實(shí)戰(zhàn)(體驗(yàn)79毫秒啟動(dòng)springboot應(yīng)用)

更新時(shí)間：2021年05月28日 11:25:51 作者：程序員欣宸

Spring Native是Spring提供的、制作native image的技術(shù)方案，本篇主要內(nèi)容是開發(fā)springboot應(yīng)用再構(gòu)建為native image的方法，通過Spring Native項(xiàng)目實(shí)戰(zhàn)讓大家體驗(yàn)79毫秒啟動(dòng)springboot應(yīng)用，感興趣的朋友跟隨小編一起看看吧

關(guān)于Spring Native

Spring官方博客于2021年03月11日宣布Spring Native的beta版本發(fā)布，借助Spring Native可以將spring應(yīng)用與GraalVM集成到native image中；
native image是GraalVM的一項(xiàng)技術(shù)，會將java應(yīng)用的字節(jié)碼編譯成可執(zhí)行文件，還會與JDK的本地庫做靜態(tài)鏈接，運(yùn)行應(yīng)用時(shí)無需Java虛擬機(jī)，自身已集成了內(nèi)存管理，線程調(diào)度等能力，更多信息請參考：https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/
本文以實(shí)戰(zhàn)為主，因此不會用太多篇幅介紹Spring Native的理論和優(yōu)勢，這里簡單小結(jié)幾個(gè)重要特性：

應(yīng)用啟動(dòng)速度不超過100毫秒；
啟動(dòng)即達(dá)到性能峰值（C1、C2等手段已經(jīng)用不上了）
運(yùn)行時(shí)更低的內(nèi)存消耗；
docker鏡像不含JDK（所需文件已經(jīng)抽取出來放入鏡像），官方展示的含有Spring Boot, Spring MVC, Jackson, Tomcat的鏡像大小是50M；
為了達(dá)到前面的效果，代價(jià)是構(gòu)建時(shí)間更長；

Spring Native到底是什么

個(gè)人的理解：Spring Native是Spring提供的、制作native image的技術(shù)方案，涉及到以下關(guān)鍵技術(shù)：

Spring ahead-of-time (AOT) 插件，對spring應(yīng)用做AOT處理，使得傳統(tǒng)虛擬機(jī)的class lazy loading在不復(fù)存在；
spring-boot-maven-plugin插件在構(gòu)建docker鏡像的時(shí)候，使用了名為dmikusa/graalvm-tiny的鏡像作為構(gòu)建工具，這個(gè)工具負(fù)責(zé)將當(dāng)前工程的構(gòu)建結(jié)果和GraalVM集成在一起，最終制作成native image；

本篇概覽

作為實(shí)戰(zhàn)風(fēng)格的文章，本篇主要內(nèi)容是開發(fā)springboot應(yīng)用再構(gòu)建為native image，然后驗(yàn)證其功能和效果，本文由以下內(nèi)容構(gòu)成：

環(huán)境信息
新建名為spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程，對實(shí)戰(zhàn)用到的依賴庫、插件等做統(tǒng)一配置；
新建名為webmvc的maven子工程，這是個(gè)springboot應(yīng)用；
將webmvc構(gòu)建為native image，這是個(gè)docker鏡像；
在docker中啟動(dòng)鏡像，驗(yàn)證是否可用，并檢查相關(guān)相關(guān)指標(biāo)；

環(huán)境信息

本次實(shí)戰(zhàn)相關(guān)的環(huán)境信息如下：

電腦：MacBook pro 13寸 2018
操作系統(tǒng)：macOS Big Sur 11.2.3
IDE：IntelliJ IDEA 2018.3.5 (Ultimate Edition)
docker：20.10.5
JDK：1.8.0_211
maven：3.6.0
springboot：2.5.0-SNAPSHOT
spring-aot-maven-plugin：0.10.0-SNAPSHOT

源碼下載本篇實(shí)戰(zhàn)中的完整源碼可在GitHub下載到，地址和鏈接信息如下表所示(https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos)：

名稱	鏈接	備注
項(xiàng)目主頁	https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos	該項(xiàng)目在GitHub上的主頁
git倉庫地址(https)	https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos.git	該項(xiàng)目源碼的倉庫地址，https協(xié)議
git倉庫地址(ssh)	git@github.com:zq2599/blog_demos.git	該項(xiàng)目源碼的倉庫地址，ssh協(xié)議

這個(gè)git項(xiàng)目中有多個(gè)文件夾，本次實(shí)戰(zhàn)的源碼在spring-native-tutorials文件夾下，如下圖紅框所示：

在這里插入圖片描述

新建名為spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程

對Spring Native的學(xué)習(xí)不是寫出helloworld就完事，因此這里先創(chuàng)建一個(gè)父工程，為今后所有的應(yīng)用提供統(tǒng)一的依賴庫、插件管理；
新建名為spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程，pom.xml內(nèi)容如下，有幾處要注意的地方稍后提到：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <modules>
        <module>webmvc</module>
    </modules>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.5.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>

    <groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <packaging>pom</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <!-- springboot生成jar文件的文件名后綴，用來避免Spring Boot repackaging和native-image-maven-plugin插件之間可能存在的沖突 -->
        <classifier/>

        <!-- 構(gòu)建鏡像時(shí)的定制參數(shù) -->
        <native.build.args/>

        <!-- 指定使用dmikusa/graalvm-tiny這個(gè)鏡像作為構(gòu)建工具，來構(gòu)建鏡像 -->
        <builder>dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</builder>

        <!-- spring cloud版本 -->
        <spring-cloud.version>2020.0.2</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>

    <!-- 插件管理 -->
    <pluginRepositories>
        <pluginRepository>
            <id>spring-release</id>
            <name>Spring release</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </pluginRepository>
        <pluginRepository>
            <id>spring-milestone</id>
            <name>Spring milestone</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </pluginRepository>
        <pluginRepository>
            <id>spring-snapshot</id>
            <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </releases>
        </pluginRepository>
    </pluginRepositories>

    <!--倉庫管理-->
    <repositories>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-release</id>
            <name>Spring release</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-milestone</id>
            <name>Spring milestone</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-snapshot</id>
            <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </releases>
        </repository>
    </repositories>

    <!--依賴包版本管理-->
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId>
                <version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <!--插件配置-->
    <build>
        <pluginManagement>
            <plugins>
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <configuration>
                        <classifier>${classifier}</classifier>
                        <image>
                            <builder>${builder}</builder>
                            <env>
                                <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>true</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>
                                <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>${native.build.args}</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>
                            </env>
                            <!--執(zhí)行構(gòu)建任務(wù)的鏡像，如果在當(dāng)前環(huán)境不存在才會遠(yuǎn)程下載-->
                            <pullPolicy>IF_NOT_PRESENT</pullPolicy>
                        </image>
                    </configuration>
                </plugin>

                <!-- aot插件，ahead-of-time transformations -->
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
                    <executions>
                        <execution>
                            <id>test-generate</id>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>test-generate</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                        <execution>
                            <id>generate</id>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>generate</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                    </executions>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </pluginManagement>
    </build>
</project>

上述pom.xml有以下幾處需要注意：

插件倉庫、依賴庫倉庫、依賴庫版本的配置都集中在這里；
配置好spring-aot-maven-plugin和spring-boot-maven-plugin這兩個(gè)插件，子工程會用到；
spring-boot-maven-plugin插件制作docker鏡像的時(shí)候，又會用到dmikusa/graalvm-tiny鏡像，這才是真正構(gòu)建native image的工具；

新建springboot類型的maven子工程

新建名為webmvc的子工程，pom.xml內(nèi)容如下，可見內(nèi)容很簡單，就是常規(guī)依賴庫和父工程配置的兩個(gè)插件，一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行AOT，一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)構(gòu)建鏡像：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <artifactId>webmvc</artifactId>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
            <exclusions>
                <exclusion>
                    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
                    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
                </exclusion>
                <exclusion>
                    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
                    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-websocket</artifactId>
                </exclusion>
            </exclusions>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.experimental</groupId>
            <artifactId>tomcat-embed-programmatic</artifactId>
            <version>${tomcat.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <removeSpelSupport>true</removeSpelSupport>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

代碼很簡單，一個(gè)普通的springboot應(yīng)用，帶http接口：

package com.bolingcavalry.webmvc;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class WebmvcApplication {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(WebmvcApplication.class, args);
	}

	@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.ACCEPTED)
	@GetMapping("/status")
	public String status() {
		return "status";
	}

	@GetMapping("/")
	public String hello() {
		return "1. Hello from Spring MVC and Tomcat, " + LocalDateTime.now();
	}
}

現(xiàn)在編碼已完成，來構(gòu)建docker鏡像吧，進(jìn)入父工程的pom.xml所在目錄，執(zhí)行以下命令：

mvn clean -U -DskipTests spring-boot:build-image

構(gòu)建成功后輸出信息如下（篇幅所限僅截取最后一小段）,耗時(shí)4分25秒，期間筆記本風(fēng)扇狂轉(zhuǎn)：

..
[INFO] Successfully built image 'docker.io/library/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT'
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Reactor Summary for spring-native-tutorials 1.0-SNAPSHOT:
[INFO]
[INFO] spring-native-tutorials ............................ SUCCESS [ 1.786 s]
[INFO] webmvc ............................................. SUCCESS [04:19 min]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 04:25 min
[INFO] Finished at: 2021-05-22T16:36:44+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[WARNING] The requested profile "nexus" could not be activated because it does not exist.

執(zhí)行docker images命令，如下圖，可見鏡像已經(jīng)生成：

在這里插入圖片描述

查看鏡像構(gòu)成，可見每個(gè)layer都不大，共計(jì)七十多M：

(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker history webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
IMAGE          CREATED        CREATED BY   SIZE      COMMENT
b8ff54813ae0   41 years ago                69B
<missing>      41 years ago                452kB
<missing>      41 years ago                2.51MB
<missing>      41 years ago                57.2MB
<missing>      41 years ago                1.4MB
<missing>      41 years ago                268B
<missing>      41 years ago                17.3MB

鏡像構(gòu)建成功，可以驗(yàn)證基本功能了；

驗(yàn)證

執(zhí)行以下命令，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)臨時(shí)容器（控制臺結(jié)束后容器會被清理掉）：

docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT

控制臺輸出如下，79毫秒啟動(dòng)完成，真是一眨間的功夫：

(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
2021-05-22 09:34:57.578  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.nativex.NativeListener               : This application is bootstrapped with code generated with Spring AOT

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::       (v2.5.0-SNAPSHOT)

2021-05-22 09:34:57.586  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication             : Starting WebmvcApplication using Java 1.8.0_292 on 3529ec458896 with PID 1 (/workspace/com.bolingcavalry.webmvc.WebmvcApplication started by cnb in /workspace)
2021-05-22 09:34:57.586  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication             : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2021-05-22 09:34:57.661  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService startInternal
INFO: Starting service [Tomcat]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine startInternal
INFO: Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.46]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log
INFO: Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2021-05-22 09:34:57.669  INFO 1 --- [           main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 79 ms
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start
INFO: Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication             : Started WebmvcApplication in 0.178 seconds (JVM running for 0.19)
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean      : Application availability state LivenessState changed to CORRECT
2021-05-22 09:34:57.714  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean      : Application availability state ReadinessState changed to ACCEPTING_TRAFFIC

瀏覽器訪問本機(jī)8080端口，如下圖，應(yīng)用基本功能正常：

在這里插入圖片描述

再看看資源使用情況，命令是docker stats，如下可見，內(nèi)存僅用了30M：

CONTAINER ID   NAME               CPU %     MEM USAGE / LIMIT     MEM %     NET I/O           BLOCK I/O     PIDS
6ce6c66fb4de   jovial_hertz       0.11%     30.69MiB / 3.844GiB   0.78%     1.49kB / 158B     4.31MB / 0B   18

我曾經(jīng)在hub.docker.com上放了一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)springboot應(yīng)用制作的鏡像bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT，現(xiàn)在拿來和Spring Native鏡像對比一下，啟動(dòng)信息如下，耗時(shí)2036毫秒：

(base) zhaoqindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -P docker.io/bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::        (v2.1.6.RELEASE)

2021-05-22 11:13:28.121  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication         : Starting HellojibApplication on ffb32e5b68b9 with PID 1 (/app/classes started by root in /)
2021-05-22 11:13:28.128  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication         : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2021-05-22 11:13:30.000  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2021-05-22 11:13:30.054  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService   : Starting service [Tomcat]
2021-05-22 11:13:30.054  INFO 1 --- [           main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine  : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.21]
2021-05-22 11:13:30.241  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2021-05-22 11:13:30.241  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader            : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 2036 ms
2021-05-22 11:13:30.715  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.s.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor  : Initializing ExecutorService 'applicationTaskExecutor'
2021-05-22 11:13:31.103  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2021-05-22 11:13:31.110  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication         : Started HellojibApplication in 3.618 seconds (JVM running for 4.297)
2021-05-22 11:13:48.866  INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring DispatcherServlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-22 11:13:48.866  INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : Initializing Servlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-22 11:13:48.880  INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : Completed initialization in 14 ms

再用docker stats對比內(nèi)存，傳統(tǒng)springboot應(yīng)用的容器消耗了三百多兆內(nèi)存：

CONTAINER ID   NAME               CPU %     MEM USAGE / LIMIT     MEM %     NET I/O           BLOCK I/O     PIDS
ffb32e5b68b9   eager_williamson   0.64%     356.3MiB / 3.844GiB   9.05%     3.46kB / 2.29kB   0B / 0B       31
6ce6c66fb4de   jovial_hertz       0.11%     30.69MiB / 3.844GiB   0.78%     1.49kB / 158B     4.31MB / 0B   18

綜上所述，Spring Native帶來的優(yōu)勢是很明顯的，不過請注意：2021年03月11日官方宣布的Spring Native只是beta版本，請不要用于生產(chǎn)環(huán)境?。?！

下載插件失敗

在實(shí)際操作過程中，經(jīng)常會遇到maven插件或者docker鏡像下載失敗的情況，除了多試幾次，您還可以考慮將項(xiàng)目放到github上去，借助github action在云端完成鏡像構(gòu)建，具體操作請參考《用GitHub Actions制作Docker鏡像》

不用開發(fā)，直接體驗(yàn)

我已將鏡像上傳到hub.docker.com，完整名稱是bolingcavalry/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT，如果您只想體驗(yàn)一下native image的效果可以直接下載該鏡像使用；

以上就是Spring Native實(shí)戰(zhàn)(暢快體驗(yàn)79毫秒啟動(dòng)springboot應(yīng)用)的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，更多關(guān)于Spring Native實(shí)戰(zhàn)的資料請關(guān)注腳本之家其它相關(guān)文章！

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