PI = 3.14
def circle_area(r):
    return PI * r ** 2
class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def say(self):
        print('i am', self.name)

a = 1

# 在當(dāng)前上下文創(chuàng)建一個名字test，與被導(dǎo)入的module對象綁定
import test

# 函數(shù)名circle_area與function對象綁定
def circle_area(r):
    return PI * r ** 2
# 類名Person與類型對象綁定
class Person(object):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

# 將名字t與module對象綁定
import test as t

a = 1
def func1():
    print(a)  # 1
def func2():
    a = 2
    print(a)  # 2
print(a)  # 1

>>> pi = 3.14
>>> def closure_print(name: str):
    	def circle_area(r: int):
        	print(name, pi * r * r)
	    return circle_area
>>> circle_area1 = closure_print("circle1: ")
>>> circle_area2 = closure_print("circle2: ")
>>> circle_area1(1)
circle1:  3.14
>>> circle_area2(2)
circle2:  12.56

>>> language = 'chinese'
>>> class Male:
        gender: str = 'male'
        def __init__(self, name: str):
            self.name = name
        def Speak(self):
            print('i speak', language)
        def Gender(self):
            print('i am', gender)
>>> male = Male('zhangsan')
>>> male.Gender()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#11>", line 1, in <module>
    male.Gender()
  File "<pyshell#9>", line 8, in Gender
    print('i am', gender)
NameError: name 'gender' is not defined
>>> male.Speak()
i speak chinese

>>> male.gender
'male'
>>> Male.gender
'male'
>>> male.gender = 'male2'
>>> male.gender
'male2'
>>> Male.gender
'male'

>>> language = 'chinese'
>>> def MakeMale(sSortName: str):
        class Male:
            sortName = sSortName
            def __init__(self, name: str):
                self.name = name
            def Speak(self):
                print('i speak', language)
			def Sort(self):
				print(sSortName)
        return Male
>>> ChineseMale: type = MakeMale('Chinese Men')
>>> chineseMale = ChineseMale('zhangsan')
>>> chineseMale.Speak()
i speak chinese
>>> chineseMale.sortName
Chinese Men
>>> chineseMale.Sort()
Chinese Men

>>> class OutClass:
        inName = 'in'
        class InClass:
            name = inName
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in <module>
    class OutClass:
  File "<pyshell#26>", line 3, in OutClass
    class InClass:
  File "<pyshell#26>", line 4, in InClass
    name = inName
NameError: name 'inName' is not defined

>>> PI = 3.14
>>> def closure_print(name: str):
    	def circle_area(r: int):
        	print(name, PI * r * r)
	    return circle_area

# 假設(shè)我們在test.py中導(dǎo)入上述模塊testglobal.py
>>> import testglobal
>>> testglobal
<module 'testglobal' from 'D:\\myspace\\code\\pythonCode\\mix\\namespace\\testglobal.py'>
>>> type(testglobal)
<class 'module'>

>>> dir(testglobal)
['PI', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'closure_print']
>>> testglobal.closure_print
<function closure_print at 0x000002F33B14A050>

>>> testglobal.__dict__

>>> globals()

>>> id(testglobal.__dict__)
2219833831040
>>> id(globals())
2219833831040

struct _frame {
    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
    struct _frame *f_back;      /* previous frame, or NULL */
    PyCodeObject *f_code;       /* code segment */
    PyObject *f_builtins;       /* builtin symbol table (PyDictObject) */
    PyObject *f_globals;        /* global symbol table (PyDictObject) */
    PyObject *f_locals;         /* local symbol table (any mapping) */
    PyObject **f_valuestack;    /* points after the last local */
    PyObject *f_trace;          /* Trace function */
    int f_stackdepth;           /* Depth of value stack */
    char f_trace_lines;         /* Emit per-line trace events? */
    char f_trace_opcodes;       /* Emit per-opcode trace events? */
    /* Borrowed reference to a generator, or NULL */
    PyObject *f_gen;
    int f_lasti;                /* Last instruction if called */
    int f_lineno;               /* Current line number. Only valid if non-zero */
    int f_iblock;               /* index in f_blockstack */
    PyFrameState f_state;       /* What state the frame is in */
    PyTryBlock f_blockstack[CO_MAXBLOCKS]; /* for try and loop blocks */
    PyObject *f_localsplus[1];  /* locals+stack, dynamically sized */
};

>>> pi = 3.14
>>> def closure_print(name: str):
    	def circle_area(r: int):
            name = 1
        	print(name, pi * r * r)
	    return circle_area

>>> import builtins
>>> id(testglobal.__builtins__)
3065787874688
>>> id(builtins.__dict__)
3065787874688

>>> def closure_print(name: str):
        def circle_area(r: int):
            print(locals())
            print(name, PI * r * r)
        return circle_area
>>> c = closure_print('circle1')
>>> c(1)
{'r': 1, 'name': 'circle1'}
circle1 3.14

>>> PI = 3.14
>>> def closure_print(name: str):
        def circle_area(r: int):
            print(locals())
            name += '1'
            print(name, PI * r * r)
        return circle_area
>>> c = closure_print('circle1')
>>> c(1)
{'r': 1}
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
    c(1)
  File "<pyshell#2>", line 4, in circle_area
    name += '1'
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'name' referenced before assignment

>>> PI = 3.14
>>> def closure_print(name: str):
        def circle_area(r: int):
            print(locals())
            name = 'circle2'
            print(locals())
            print(name, PI * r * r)
        return circle_area
>>> c = closure_print('circle1')
>>> c(1)
{'r': 1}
{'r': 1, 'name': 'circle2'}
circle2 3.14

>>> PI = 3.14
>>> def closure_print(name: str):
        def circle_area(r: int):
            print(locals())
            nonlocal name
            name += '1'
            print(locals())
            print(name, PI * r * r)
        return circle_area
>>> c = closure_print('circle1')
>>> c(1)
{'r': 1, 'name': 'circle1'}
{'r': 1, 'name': 'circle11'}
circle11 3.14

int
PyFrame_FastToLocalsWithError(PyFrameObject *f)
{
    /* Merge fast locals into f->f_locals */
    PyObject *locals, *map;
    PyObject **fast;
    PyCodeObject *co;
    Py_ssize_t j;
    Py_ssize_t ncells, nfreevars;
    if (f == NULL) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    // 初始賦值locals為f->f_locals
    locals = f->f_locals;
    if (locals == NULL) {
        locals = f->f_locals = PyDict_New();
        if (locals == NULL)
            return -1;
    }
    // 獲取對應(yīng)的PyCodeObject
    co = f->f_code;
    // 獲取co_varnames字段
    map = co->co_varnames;
    if (!PyTuple_Check(map)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                     "co_varnames must be a tuple, not %s",
                     Py_TYPE(map)->tp_name);
        return -1;
    }
    fast = f->f_localsplus;
    j = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(map);
    if (j > co->co_nlocals)
        j = co->co_nlocals;
    if (co->co_nlocals) {
        // 將co_varnames加入到locals中
        if (map_to_dict(map, j, locals, fast, 0) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    // 閉包相關(guān)
    ncells = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars);
    nfreevars = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_freevars);
    if (ncells || nfreevars) {
        // 將co_cellvars加入到locals
        if (map_to_dict(co->co_cellvars, ncells,
                        locals, fast + co->co_nlocals, 1))
            return -1;
        /* If the namespace is unoptimized, then one of the
           following cases applies:
           1. It does not contain free variables, because it
              uses import * or is a top-level namespace.
           2. It is a class namespace.
           We don't want to accidentally copy free variables
           into the locals dict used by the class.
        */
        if (co->co_flags & CO_OPTIMIZED) {
            // 將co_freevars加入到locals
            if (map_to_dict(co->co_freevars, nfreevars,
                            locals, fast + co->co_nlocals + ncells, 1) < 0)
                return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}