type Measure = { radius: number };
type Style = { color: string };

// typed { radius: number; color: string }
type Circle = Measure & Style;

type ShapeKind = 'rect' | 'circle';
let foo: string = getSomeString();
let shape: ShapeKind = 'rect';

// 不允許，因?yàn)樽址皇?ShapeKind 的子集。
shape = foo;

// 允許，因?yàn)?ShapeKind 是字符串的子集。
foo = shape;

function foo(x: string | number) {
  if (typeof x === 'string') {
    // x 的類型被縮小為字符串，所以.length是有效的
    console.log(x.length);

    // assignment respects declaration type, not narrowed type
    x = 1;
    console.log(x.length); // disallowed because x is now number
    } else {
        ...
    }
}

type Shape = {
  kind: 'circle' | 'rect';
  radius?: number;
  width?: number;
  height?: number;
}

function getArea(shape: Shape) {
  return shape.kind === 'circle' ? 
    Math.PI * shape.radius! ** 2
    : shape.width! * shape.height!;
}

type Circle = { kind: 'circle'; radius: number };
type Rect = { kind: 'rect'; width: number; height: number };
type Shape = Circle | Rect;

function getArea(shape: Shape) {
    return shape.kind === 'circle' ? 
        Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2
        : shape.width * shape.height;
}

type Circle = { kind: 'circle'; radius: number };
type Rect = { kind: 'rect'; width: number; height: number };
type Shape = Circle | Rect;

function isCircle(shape: Shape) {
  return shape.kind === 'circle';
}

function isRect(shape: Shape) {
  return shape.kind === 'rect';
}

const myShapes: Shape[] = getShapes();
// 錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)閠ypescript不知道過濾的方式
const circles: Circle[] = myShapes.filter(isCircle);

// 你可能傾向于添加一個(gè)斷言
// const circles = myShapes.filter(isCircle) as Circle[];

function isCircle(shape: Shape): shape is Circle {
    return shape.kind === 'circle';
}

function isRect(shape: Shape): shape is Rect {
    return shape.kind === 'rect';
}

...
// now you get Circle[] type inferred correctly
const circles = myShapes.filter(isCircle);

type ToArray<T> = T extends Array<unknown> ? T: T[];

type Foo = ToArray<string|number>;

type ToArray<T> = [T] extends [Array<unknown>] ? T : T[];
type Foo = ToArray<string | number>;

function getArea(shape: Shape) {
  switch (shape.kind) {
    case 'circle':
      return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2;
    case 'rect':
      return shape.width * shape.height;
    default:
      throw new Error('Unknown shape kind');
  }
}

function getArea(shape: Shape) {
  switch (shape.kind) {
    case 'circle':
      return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2;
    case 'rect':
      return shape.width * shape.height;
    default:
      // 如果任何shape.kind沒有在上面處理
      // 你會(huì)得到一個(gè)類型檢查錯(cuò)誤。
      const _exhaustiveCheck: never = shape;
      throw new Error('Unknown shape kind');
  }
}

type Circle = (string | number)[];
const circle: Circle = ['circle', 1.0];  // [kind, radius]

type Circle = [string, number];

// 這里會(huì)得到一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤
const circle: Circle = ['circle', '1.0'];

const [name, setName] = useState('');

let foo = { name: 'foo' }; // typed: { name: string }
let Bar = { name: 'bar' } as const; // typed: { name: 'bar' }

let a = [1, 2]; // typed: number[]
let b = [1, 2] as const; // typed: [1, 2]

// typed { kind: 'circle; radius: number }
let circle = { kind: 'circle' as const, radius: 1.0 };

// 如果circle沒有使用const關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行初始化，則以下內(nèi)容將無法正常工作
let shape: { kind: 'circle' | 'rect' } = circle;

type NamedCircle = {
    radius: number;
    name?: string;
};

const circle: NamedCircle = { radius: 1.0, name: 'yeah' };

// error because circle.name can be undefined
console.log(circle.name.length);

type NamedCircle = {
    radius: number;
    name?: string;
};

// error because radius violates NamedCircle
const wrongCircle = { radius: '1.0', name: 'ha' }
    satisfies NamedCircle;

const circle = { radius: 1.0, name: 'yeah' }
    satisfies NamedCircle;

// circle.name can't be undefined now
console.log(circle.name.length);

//  從一個(gè)Promise中獲取未被包裹的類型
// idempotent if T is not Promise
type ResolvedPromise<T> = T extends Promise<infer U> ? U : T;
type t = ResolvedPromise<Promise<string>>; // t: string

// gets the flattened type of array T;
// idempotent if T is not array
type Flatten<T> = T extends Array<infer E> ? Flatten<E> : T;
type e = Flatten<number[][]>; // e: number

type User = {
    age: number;
    gender: string;
    country: string;
    city: string
};
type Demographic = { age: number: gender: string; };
type Geo = { country: string; city: string; };

type User = {
    age: number;
    gender: string;
    country: string;
    city: string
};
type Demographic = Pick<User, 'age'|'gender'>;
type Geo = Pick<User, 'country'|'city'>;

function createCircle() {
    return {
        kind: 'circle' as const,
        radius: 1.0
    }
}

function transformCircle(circle: { kind: 'circle'; radius: number }) {
    ...
}

transformCircle(createCircle());

function createCircle() {
    return {
        kind: 'circle' as const,
        radius: 1.0
    }
}

function transformCircle(circle: ReturnType<typeof createCircle>) {
    ...
}

transformCircle(createCircle());

type ContentTypes = 'news' | 'blog' | 'video';

// config for indicating what content types are enabled
const config = { news: true, blog: true, video: false }
    satisfies Record<ContentTypes, boolean>;

// factory for creating contents
type Factory = {
    createNews: () => Content;
    createBlog: () => Content;
};

type ContentTypes = 'news' | 'blog' | 'video';

// generic factory type with a inferred list of methods
// based on the shape of the given Config
type ContentFactory<Config extends Record<ContentTypes, boolean>> = {
    [k in string & keyof Config as Config[k] extends true
        ? `create${Capitalize<k>}`
        : never]: () => Content;
};

// config for indicating what content types are enabled
const config = { news: true, blog: true, video: false }
    satisfies Record<ContentTypes, boolean>;

type Factory = ContentFactory<typeof config>;
// Factory: {
//     createNews: () => Content;
//     createBlog: () => Content; 
// }