Linux磁盤分區(qū)、格式化和掛載方式
更新時間：2025年01月09日 16:40:37 作者：likeyou~coucou
本文詳細介紹了Linux系統(tǒng)中磁盤分區(qū)、格式化和掛載的基本操作步驟和命令,包括MBR和GPT分區(qū)表的區(qū)別、fdisk和gdisk命令的使用、常見的文件系統(tǒng)格式以及/etc/fstab文件的配置
一、磁盤分區(qū)表分類
Linux中想使用磁盤的步驟和Windows一樣
加硬盤->分區(qū)->格式化->掛載
#通過命令行方式對磁盤進行分區(qū)（兩種方式，第一種就是MBR，第二種就是GPT）
如果想采用MBR（Master Boot Record）的方式進行分區(qū)就使用fdisk命令
MBR特征：
- 較舊的分區(qū)表格式，僅支持最多4個主分區(qū)（或者3個主分區(qū)加一個擴展分區(qū)）。
- 支持的最大磁盤容量為2TB。
- 常用于較舊的BIOS啟動系統(tǒng)。
- MBR的結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單，但不如GPT可靠。
如果想采用GPT（GUID Partition Table）的方式進行分區(qū)就使用gdisk命令
GPT特征：
- 現(xiàn)代的分區(qū)表格式，支持超過2TB的磁盤容量。
- 支持最多128個主分區(qū)。
- 具有更強的冗余功能，可以存儲多個備份的分區(qū)表。
- 必須使用UEFI（Unified Extensible Firmware Interface）啟動。
1、手動創(chuàng)建分區(qū)（效率太低）
2、自動創(chuàng)建分區(qū)（有一定的操作性）
# 查看當前所有磁盤的分區(qū)情況 [server root ~] # fdisk -l # 查看當前模塊硬盤的分區(qū)情況 [server root ~] # fdisk -l /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors 一個sectors等于512B
[server root ~] # fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000e1369 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1050623 524288 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1050624 9439231 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 9439232 83886079 37223424 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes [server root ~] # fdisk -l /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes [server root ~] #
二、fdisk命令創(chuàng)建分區(qū)
對于服務(wù)器來說，磁盤從使用目的來說分為三種，
- 第一種是用來存放操作系統(tǒng)的，此類硬盤一個只存放操作系統(tǒng)以及配置文件，剩下的任何數(shù)據(jù)都不應該主動存放在此硬盤中。
- 第二種磁盤是用來存放本地大文件，一般這種磁盤叫做本地存儲盤。
- 第三種磁盤是用來存放本地大文件，而是使用了網(wǎng)絡(luò)存儲（SAN->storage area network），一般這種磁盤叫做網(wǎng)絡(luò)存儲
1、交互式的命令
[server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb
[server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0f1f0bcc. Command (m for help): q（quit 不保存的） [server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x57ae1208. Command (m for help): w（write 保存） The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [server root ~] #
2、分區(qū)主分區(qū)
對/dev/sdb磁盤進行分區(qū)，如果分了四個主分區(qū)后，還有剩余空間，那就沒法進行額外分區(qū)了，如下：
[server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x05cc5d51.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition（刪除一個分區(qū)）
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types（列出當前支持的分區(qū)種類）
m print this menu
n add a new partition（添加一個分區(qū)）
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table（列出當前狀態(tài)的所有分區(qū)）
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help):
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +5G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 5 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
......
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x05cc5d51
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 10487808 12584959 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 16779263 1048576 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
If you want to create more than four partitions, you must replace a
primary partition with an extended partition first.
# 如果要創(chuàng)建四個以上的分區(qū)，則必須替換首先使用擴展分區(qū)的主分區(qū)。
Command (m for help): n
If you want to create more than four partitions, you must replace a
primary partition with an extended partition first.3、創(chuàng)建擴展分區(qū)，然后繼續(xù)創(chuàng)建主分區(qū)
# 需要先刪除一個主分區(qū)，然后創(chuàng)建擴展分區(qū)，默認剩余空間都給擴展分區(qū)
[server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4, default 4): 4
Partition 4 is deleted
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): e
Selected partition 4
First sector (14682112-41943039, default 14682112):
Using default value 14682112
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (14682112-41943039, default 41943039):
Using default value 41943039
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 13 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x05cc5d51
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 10487808 12584959 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 41943039 13630464 5 Extended
# 創(chuàng)建擴展分區(qū)之后，就可以在創(chuàng)建主分區(qū)了
[server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (14684160-41943039, default 14684160):
Using default value 14684160
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (14684160-41943039, default 41943039): +5G
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 5 GiB is set
Command (m for help): P
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x05cc5d51
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 10487808 12584959 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 41943039 13630464 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 14684160 25169919 5242880 83 Linux
4、自動創(chuàng)建分區(qū)
自動分區(qū)采用了重定向的方法
fdisk /dev/sdb < test
或者
fdisk /dev/sdb < test &>> /dev/null
區(qū)別：顯示創(chuàng)建過程與不顯示創(chuàng)建過程
# 先將需要分區(qū)大小，分區(qū)類型是主分區(qū)還是擴展分區(qū)，直接寫到一個文本中，如下（注意一定要空行）
[server root ~] # vim test
n
p
+1G
n
e
w
q
# 重定向分區(qū)
[server root ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb < test
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
Command (m for help): Command (m for help): Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): Partition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (2099200-41943039, default 2099200): Using default value 2099200
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2099200-41943039, default 41943039): Using default value 41943039
Partition 2 of type Extended and of size 19 GiB is set
Command (m for help): The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[server root ~] # fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x05cc5d51
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 41943039 19921920 5 Extended
注意：在 Linux 中，分區(qū)大于 2TB 的硬盤時，通常需要使用 GPT（GUID Partition Table） 分區(qū)表，因為 MBR（Master Boot Record） 分區(qū)表只支持最多 2TB 的磁盤容量。GPT 分區(qū)表則沒有這個限制，能夠支持最大 9.4ZB 的磁盤容量
需要安裝gdisk
apt-get install gdisk # Debian/Ubuntu 系統(tǒng) yum install gdisk # CentOS/RHEL 系統(tǒng)
gdisk 相關(guān)參數(shù)
b back up GPT data to a file #備份當前的 GPT 數(shù)據(jù)到一個文件 c change a partition's name #更改某個分區(qū)的名稱 d delete a partition #刪除一個分區(qū)。 i show detailed information on a partition #顯示某個分區(qū)的詳細信息 l list known partition types #列出已知的分區(qū)類型 n add a new partition #添加一個新的分區(qū) o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT) #創(chuàng)建一個新的空的 GPT 分區(qū)表 p print the partition table # 打印當前分區(qū)表的內(nèi)容，顯示磁盤的分區(qū)信息 q quit without saving changes #退出 gdisk r recovery and transformation options (experts only) #恢復和轉(zhuǎn)換選項。 s sort partitions #對分區(qū)進行排序。 t change a partition's type code #更改某個分區(qū)的類型 v verify disk #驗證磁盤的 GPT 分區(qū)表 w write table to disk and exit #將更改后的分區(qū)表寫入磁盤并退出 x extra functionality (experts only) #擴展功能，適用于高級用戶，提供一些特殊的操作，如轉(zhuǎn)換分區(qū)表格式等
三、格式化分區(qū)
1、Linux常見文件系統(tǒng)格式有
ext2、ext3、ext4、xfs、btrfs和btrfs
#ext4的文件系統(tǒng)限制是，單個文件大小不能超過1T #xfs的文件系統(tǒng)每個文件系統(tǒng)量最大支持8eb，單個文件可以支持16tb
2、mkfs命令格式化分區(qū)
# mkfs.ext4格式化分區(qū)/dev/sdb1
[server root ~] # mkf
mkfifo mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.xfs
mkfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.minix
[server root ~] # mkfs.ext
mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4
[server root ~] # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
# mkfs.xfs格式化分區(qū)/dev/sdb5
[server root ~] # mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb5
meta-data=/dev/sdb5 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=327680 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=1310720, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[server root ~] #
# mkfs.ext2格式化分區(qū)/dev/sdb6
[server root ~] # mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdb6
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
393216 inodes, 1572864 blocks
78643 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1610612736
48 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[server root ~] # 四、掛載Linux分區(qū)（文件系統(tǒng)）
1、臨時掛載
mount命令格式mount -t文件系統(tǒng)類型 文件系統(tǒng)所在的分區(qū)路徑 文件系統(tǒng)的掛載點路徑mount -t fstypes分區(qū)路徑 掛載點路徑
# 還未掛載前
[server root ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.5M 901M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 372M 28% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0
# 創(chuàng)建掛載目錄
[server root ~] # mkdir /mount-point{1..3}
[server root ~] #
[server root ~] # ls /mount-point* -d
/mount-point1 /mount-point2 /mount-point3
[server root ~] #
# 將三個分區(qū)進行掛載，掛載到/mount-point（1,2,3）目錄下
[server root ~] # mount /dev/sdb1 /mount-point1
[server root ~] # mount /dev/sdb5 /mount-point2
[server root ~] # mount /dev/sdb6 /mount-point3
[server root ~] #
[server root ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.5M 901M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 372M 28% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 ext4 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /mount-point1
/dev/sdb5 xfs 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /mount-point2
/dev/sdb6 ext2 6.0G 12M 5.6G 1% /mount-point3
[server root ~] # 2、永久掛載分區(qū)
mount命令只是臨時掛載，系統(tǒng)重啟之后就沒了
如果想文件系統(tǒng)永久掛載，就需要把掛載信息寫入到/etc/fstab。
/etc/fstab這個文件非常重要，一旦這個文件刪除了，或者里邊的某些行錯誤刪除了，甚至寫法錯誤都會導致系統(tǒng)無法正常啟動。
# 系統(tǒng)重啟后，掛載的分區(qū)沒了 [server root ~] # reboot Connection closing...Socket close. Connection closed by foreign host. Disconnected from remote host(centos) at 14:15:58. Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt. [C:\~]$ Reconnecting in 30 seconds. Press any key to exit local shell. .............................. Connecting to 192.168.18.134:22... Connection established. To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'. Last login: Fri Nov 22 09:21:41 2024 from 192.168.18.1 [server root ~] # df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.5M 901M 2% /run tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% / /dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 372M 28% /boot tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0 [server root ~] #
編輯/etc/fstab之前，最好先備份
# 備份文件 [server root ~] # cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak [server root ~] # ls /etc/fstab fstab fstab.bak [server root ~] # cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Tue Jan 16 23:35:15 2024 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=7f5b46d3-e0da-430a-97f2-2e6a19f9e4ff / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=ebaf11a7-f84f-4429-8df8-0ee0111e76e5 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=48826076-975a-4d59-bf1a-5b1004e96f29 swap swap defaults 0 0 # 第一列是文件系統(tǒng)所在的分區(qū)路徑 #第二列是文件系統(tǒng)的掛載點 #第三列是文件系統(tǒng)的類型 #第四列是掛載參數(shù) #第五列和第六列分別寫0，只有在一些特殊的文件系統(tǒng)，后兩列才需要改成非0 /dev/sdb1 /mount-point1 ext4 defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb5 /mount-point2 xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb6 /mount-point3 ext2 defaults 0 0
當fstab文件編輯完成后，需使用mount -a命令自動掛載生效。
注意：如果某個文件系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)掛載了。且還在fstab里邊被記錄，那么mount -a不會將該文件卸載，再重新掛載，mount -a會自動忽略改文件系統(tǒng)
[server root ~] # df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.5M 901M 2% /run tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% / /dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 372M 28% /boot tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0 # mount -a命令自動掛載生效 [server root ~] # mount -a [server root ~] # df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.5M 901M 2% /run tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% / /dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 372M 28% /boot tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/sdb1 ext4 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /mount-point1 /dev/sdb5 xfs 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /mount-point2 /dev/sdb6 ext2 6.0G 12M 5.6G 1% /mount-point3 [server root ~] #
重啟之后掛載正常
[server root ~] # reboot Channel(Socket) closed from remote host(centos) at 14:35:29. Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt. [C:\~]$ WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request. WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request. Last login: Fri Nov 22 14:36:10 2024 from 192.168.18.1 [server root ~] # df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.6M 901M 2% /run tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% / /dev/sdb5 xfs 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /mount-point2 /dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 372M 28% /boot /dev/sdb6 ext2 6.0G 12M 5.6G 1% /mount-point3 /dev/sdb1 ext4 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /mount-point1 tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0 [server root ~] #
總結(jié)
以上為個人經(jīng)驗，希望能給大家一個參考，也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。
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